Maximum Demand for Buildings

Estimating maximum demand is a topic frequently discussed. Working out how much power to allow for a building in my experience a very subjective . Allowing too much power results in additional equipment, increased space requirements, greater system losses and extra cost. On the other side, not enough power results in operational problems. Trying to find the right amount of power is like gazing into a crystal ball and everyone will see something different. Early in a project power demand is estimated on a w/m2 basis. Each building needs to be considered on it merits and appropriate allowances worked out (for example a office designed for high end banking clients will require more power than a general purpose office). While there are no fixed guidelines it is good to have some sort of starting point. The table below is something I have put together as an initial set of demand figures to start playing with. Hopefully it may help someone or at least give some food for thought. In putting the table together I used the area descriptions and maximum lighting power densities from ASHRAE 90.1-2007 (Energy Standard for Buildings). For the power densities I sought guidance and extrapolated from Siemens Application Manual - Basic Data and Preliminary Planning, 2006.  Major plant and equipment such as chillers, fire pumps, etc. should be estimated separately.

	Lighting		Power
Space	(W/m2)	SF	(W/m2)	SF2
Atrium - First Three Floors	6	0.85	9	0.3
Atrium - Floors (above first 3)	2	0.85	9	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - Convention Centre	8	0.85	5	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - Exercise Centre	3	0.85	5	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - General	10	0.85	5	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - Gymnasium	4	0.85	5	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - Motion Picture Theatre	13	0.85	5	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - Penitentiary	8	0.85	5	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - Performing Arts Theatre	28	0.85	5	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - Religious Buildings	18	0.85	5	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - Sports Arena	4	0.85	5	0.3
Audience/Seating Area - Transportation	5	0.85	5	0.3
Automotive-Service/Repair	8	0.85	72	0.6
Bank/Office-Banking Activity Area	16	0.85	54	0.6
Classroom/Lecture/Training - General	15	0.85	15	0.6
Classroom/Lecture/Training - Penitentiary	14	0.85	15	0.6
Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose	14	0.85	26	0.8
Convention Centre-Exhibit Space	14	0.85	26	0.8
Corridor/Transition - General	5	0.85	10	0.3
Corridor/Transition - Hospital	11	0.85	10	0.3
Corridor/Transition - Manufacturing Facility	5	0.85	10	0.3
Courthouse - Confinement Cells	10	0.85	0	0
Courthouse - Courtroom	20	0.85	20	0.8
Courthouse - Judges' Chambers	14	0.85	20	0.8
Dining Area - Bar Lounge/Leisure Dining	15	0.85	10	0.3
Dining Area - Family Dining	23	0.85	10	0.3
Dining Area - General	10	0.85	10	0.3
Dining Area - Hotel	14	0.85	10	0.3
Dining Area - Motel	13	0.85	10	0.3
Dining Area - Penitentiary	14	0.85	10	0.3
Dormitory-Living Quarters	12	0.85	18	0.6
Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room	6	0.85	10	0.3
Electrical/Mechanical	16	0.85	15	0.3
Exterior -  Stairways	10.8	0.85	0	0
Exterior - Building Facades (illuminated)	2.2	0.85	0	0
Exterior - Building Facades (non-illuminated)	0	0.85	0	0
Exterior - Canopies/Overhangs	13.5	0.85	0	0
Exterior - Entrances/Inspection Station	13.5	0.85	0	0
Exterior - Loading Areas	5.4	0.85	0	0
Exterior - Sales Areas	5.4	0.85	0	0
Exterior - Uncovered Parking Area	1.6	0.85	0	0
Exterior - Walkways (< 3m wide)	9.9	0.85	0	0
Exterior - Walkways (≥3 m wide)	2.2	0.85	0	0
Fire Stations - Engine Room	9	0.85	15	0.3
Fire Stations - Sleeping Quarters	3	0.85	18	0.6
Food Preparation	13	0.85	387	0.8
Gymnasium/Exercise Centre - Exercise Area	10	0.85	20	0.6
Gymnasium/Exercise Centre - Playing Area	15	0.85	15	0.6
Hospital - Emergency	29	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Exam/Treatment	16	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Laundry-Washing	6	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Medical Supply	15	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Nursery	6	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Nurses' Station	11	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Operating Room	24	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Patient Room	8	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Pharmacy	13	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Physical Therapy	10	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Radiology	4	0.85	360	0.6
Hospital - Recovery	9	0.85	360	0.6
Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms	12	0.85	18	0.6
Laboratory	15	0.85	360	0.6
Library - Card File and Cataloguing	12	0.85	38	0.6
Library - Reading Area	13	0.85	32	0.6
Library - Stacks	18	0.85	32	0.6
Lobby - General	14	0.85	1	0.3
Lobby - Hotel	12	0.85	18	1
Lobby - Motion Picture Theatre	12	0.85	18	1
Lobby - Performing Arts Theatre	36	0.85	18	1
Lounge/Recreation - General	13	0.85	2	0.3
Lounge/Recreation - Hospital	9	0.85	6	0.3
Manufacturing - Control Room	5	0.85	72	0.6
Manufacturing - Detailed Manufacturing	23	0.85	72	0.6
Manufacturing - Equipment Room	13	0.85	72	0.6
Manufacturing - High Bay (≥7.6 m)	18	0.85	72	0.6
Manufacturing - Low Bay (<7.6 m)	13	0.85	72	0.6
Museum - General Exhibition	11	0.85	69	0.6
Museum - Restoration	18	0.85	62	0.6
Office -Enclosed	12	0.85	28	0.8
Office -Open Plan	12	0.85	28	0.8
Parking Garage-Garage Area	2	0.85	8	0.6
Penitentiary - Confinement Cells	10	0.85	0	0
Penitentiary - Courtroom	20	0.85	20	0.8
Penitentiary - Judges' Chambers	14	0.85	20	0.8
Police Station - Confinement Cells	10	0.85	0	0
Police Station - Courtroom	20	0.85	20	0.8
Police Station - Judges' Chambers	14	0.85	20	0.8
Post Office-Sorting Area	13	0.85	72	0.6
Religious Buildings - Fellowship Hall	10	0.85	5	0.3
Religious Buildings - Worship Pulpit, Choir	26	0.85	5	0.3
Restrooms/Toilets	10	0.85	5	1
Retail Mall Concourse	18	0.85	42	0.6
Sales Area (for accent lighting)	18	0.85	0	0
Sports Arena - Court Sports Area	25	0.85	5	0.6
Sports Arena - Indoor Playing Field Area	15	0.85	5	0.6
Stairs	6	0.85	9	0.3
Storage Active - General	9	0.6	6	0.3
Storage Active - Hospital	10	0.6	6	0.3
Storage Inactive - General	3	0.4	6	0.3
Storage Inactive - Museum	9	0.4	6	0.3
Transportation - Air/Train/Bus Baggage Area	11	0.85	19	1
Transportation - Airport Concourse	6	0.85	24	1
Transportation - Terminal Ticket Counter	16	0.85	14	1
Warehouse - Fine Material Storage	15	0.85	5	0.6
Warehouse - Medium/Bulky Material Storage	10	0.85	5	0.6
Workshop	20	0.85	72	0.6

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